Analysis Of Disney s The Outer Shell Of Innocence

Females everywhere are obsessively trying to alter their appearance to mirror the perfect body images surrounding us in today’s media. Body image dominates media everywhere you look, every time you turn your head we are pestered with beautiful women and perfect figures. The overwhelming urge for women to have a body just like the perfect models and idols we see plastered in media has spilled over into our children. Despite the outer shell of innocence, the psychological and sociological effects of Disney figures misrepresent the ideal body image as distorted to perfection and airbrushed to unrealistic; the iconic body image warping an adolescent mind into aiming for unobtainable goals. Although advances on race and gender- through becoming more culturally rounded and balancing the demands of the public- Disney fails in forwarding their portrayal of accurate body image. Princesses along with other female protagonists are displayed with size double zero waists, skinny limbs, and even small feet- to the point where bone structure is nonexistent. This unnatural, body size presented in Disney s animated characters however, is what society calls for and demands. The thin ideal has existed in American culture since the 1960s, and it is still increasingly popular today in numerous forms of media; forty years later its impact has been so devastating it has become an expected norm. Our society views a narrow, fragile figure as beautiful, and the media reflects that. In addition toShow MoreRelatedThe Walt Disney Company Report15335 Words   |  62 PagesCompany Research Paper The Walt Disney Company Pranay Kumar George Batah Shuxian Shen Sheng Hao Koo â€Å"We have complied with university honor code in completion of this assignment and I attest that this work is ours and ours alone.† Professor Suzanne Weiss Contents 1. Executive Summary 2. Company Background 3. Management 4. Situation Analysis 5. Ethics and Responsibility 6. Human Resource 7. Globalization 8. Operation and Production Read MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 PagesStrategic and marketing analysis 2 Marketing auditing and the analysis of capability 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Learning objectives Introduction Reviewing marketing effectiveness The role of SWOT analysis Competitive advantage and the value chain Conducting effective audits Summary 3 Segmental, productivity and ratio analysis 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 Learning objectives Introduction The clarification of cost categories Marketing cost analysis: aims and methods An illustrationRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesmanaging, organizing and reflecting on both formal and informal structures, and in this respect you will find this book timely, interesting and valuable. Peter Holdt Christensen, Associate Professor, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark McAuley et al.’s book is thought-provoking, witty and highly relevant for understanding contemporary organizational dilemmas. The book engages in an imaginative way with a wealth of organizational concepts and theories as well as provides insightful examples from theRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesbuilt-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore

Vincent Willem Van Gogh Of The Protestant Church - 1280 Words

Vincent Willem Van Gogh was born to Anna Cornelia Carbentus and Reverend Theodorus van Gogh of the protestant church on March 30th, 1853. Exactly a year to the date after their first child was stillborn. Biographers speculate that being the replacement child of his brother, who Vincent was the namesake of, could have added to his psychological trauma. There however is no historical evidence of this being factual. While not is known much about Vincent, we do know that he was a quiet child and spent little to no time in the arts that would one day make him famous. In his adolescence Vincent had attended multiple schools, including a boarding school in Zevenbergen for two years and then went on to attend the King Willem II secondary school in Tilburg for two more years. By the time Vincent was 15 he had left his studies for good. After leaving his studies, Vincent acquired a job at Goupil Cie., a firm of art dealers in The Hague, in 1869. Many of the people in Vincents family worked at Goupil Cie., including two of his uncles and later his brother Theo. Vincent thoroughly enjoyed his job as an art dealer, and stayed in the Netherlands branch for seven years, and was even transferred to the London branch of the firm. By 1875 Vincent was transferred to the Paris branch of Goupil Cie., Vincent soon grew tired of dealing paintings and by March of the next year he had left the firm and returned to England. In April of that year he began teaching at a school in Ramsgate whereShow MoreRelatedVincent Van Gogh1003 Words   |  5 PagesVincent van Gogh began painting in 1879, and continued until his death in 1890. He died a premature death due to the decay of his mental stability, which led to a botched suicide attempt, causing his death two days later. He painted in the period of post-impressionism, during which h e made 750 paintings, 1,600 drawings, nine lithographs, and one etching. Some of his most famous and most influential works include Starry Night, The Potato Eaters, and All-Night Cafà ©. Vincent Willem van Gogh was bornRead MoreEssay about outline of Vincent Van Gogh879 Words   |  4 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Vincent Van Gogh I. Early Life nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A. Birthnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nRead More Van Gogh Essay examples1808 Words   |  8 Pages Vincent Willem van Gogh was born on 30 March 1853 in Zundert, a village in the south of the Netherlands. His father was the protestant minister of the place, but three of his fathers brothers were art dealers, and so it is only natural that Vincent became an apprentice at the shop of his uncle Vincent van Gogh in The Hague. His uncle had become a partner in the firm of Goupil amp; Cie, and after having worked in The Hague for four years Vincent was sent to other branches of the Goupil firm, first

The Importance of Doing and Turning Your Work in on Time Free Essays

Browne 1 Patrick Browne 9-29-12 Mr. Slade Boondocks Driven Satire Sunday nights on Cartoon Network has become fertile ground for some of the most side-spitting, razor-sharp humor on this side of a cable box. The show concepts that constitute the â€Å"Adult Swim† block of programming on CN has drawn its fair share of rave reviews and harsh criticism from anybody willing to offer an opinion. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Doing and Turning Your Work in on Time or any similar topic only for you Order Now For Afro-American viewers, no show represents that aforementioned razor’s edge quite like Aaron McGruder’s comic strip creation, â€Å"The Boondocks†. The first season of the weekly series found every way possible to poke humor at many of the events, individuals, and situations we see around ourselves on a daily basis. In some cases, the biting satire that’s become this shows trademark may have opened up some ‘wounds’ that some folk in and among Black America would prefer to have left stitched up. From the would-be Revolutionary Huey, to the saggy pants wearing, â€Å"thugged† out Riley, to the blatantly Uncle Tom-like Uncle Ruckus, the characters and situations are cleverly designed to force us to look at ourselves through a very revealing lens. No person, topic, or issue has been too ‘taboo’ to examine within the show, which has drawn the ire of some of the more ‘prominent’ faces within the African-American community. Al Sharpton, Jesse Jackson, Oprah Winfrey, and Bill Cosby have been among the more outspoken detractors of the show, harping Browne 2 on the use of the dreaded â€Å"N† word among other things. The second season of the show may prove to be just as funny and potentially inflammatory as the previous one. The scrutiny has been pretty intense, drawing criticism from multiple sources in the black community, as well as some pretty severe rebukes from the aforementioned likes of Sharpton and Jackson. In fact, the pointed criticism that has come from these sources saying are we not supposed to talk about such things? Are we supposed to ignore some of the more embarrassing fads and unhealthy stereotypes that have come with this generation among black folk? I mean, we can talk about the war, how the government is ‘shafting’ the black man and woman out of our ightful piece of the American Dream. We can talk about all these things, but there’s a big stink about one person taking an assessment of our own house through his own prism. Maybe the real reason some folks are getting so uptight about what they see is because some of the material hits really close to home. As much as I respect the Cosby’s and the Jackson’s of the world, there method isn’t the on ly means to get the message across. Sometimes the finesse and subtle nature of satire and humor can deliver the same powerful, heartfelt message. Sometimes, we as black folk need to be shocked and ‘awed’ into seeing a particular reality. That’s what this show is; A strong smack in the mouth†¦ A wake-up call†¦ Humor is a pretty revealing thing; If we can take the time out to laugh at some of our own shortcomings, we can take the same type of time out to correct those issues and set about the task of strengthening our communities. Will we hear the occasional curse word, sure†¦ We might even hear the foul Browne 3 and dreaded â€Å"N† word a few more times before the show leaves syndication. So what is more important? Listening and acting on the message delivered to correct said problems, or whining about a character that portrays something that practically all of us have seen at some point during our lifetime? I don’t know about the next viewer, but this show represents solid with most Afro-Americans, which is why I’ll be tuned in for season four†¦I may indeed get a good laugh out of the over-the-top ‘pimp’ behavior of â€Å"A Pimp Named Slick Back†, or the numerous references to some of the out-of-control aspects of hip-hop culture. Through that laughter I and others tend to see a bit more of the reality that some of Black America seems too apathetic or too afraid, to confront the satire that this particular show represents. I can’t think of a better way to start that process than speaking on this issue through our own prism. Since 2005, Aaron McGruder has brought the previously unexposed taboos of Black American culture in its most raw and comedic form to the forefront of this country’s conscience through our TV screens. The tales of Huey, Riley, and Granddad Freeman’s migration from the Southside of Chicago to the lily white suburb of Woodcrest has endured its share of controversy. From public condemnation by Rev. Al Sharpton to threats of legal action by BET, The Boondocks, one of the most watched shows to be broadcast on Adult Swim, goes straight for the jugular of many of the most famous and infamous figures of our generation. As the main character on the show, Huey’s neo-Black nationalist views have been the centerpiece of some of The Boondocks’ most memorable moments. From blasting MLK for Browne 4 repeatedly saying ‘nigga’ on the â€Å"Return of the King† episode to calling Ronald Reagan a devil, Huey and his militant antics made way for more serious issues to be addressed. The way he schooled Granddad about the origins of Christmas and dropped knowledge about the negative and nostalgic images shown on cable giant Black Entertainment Television were classic and unprecedented. His less informed and gangster inclined little brother Riley barked ‘Ain’t nothin’ wrong with BET’, while he punctuated every sentence with an unapologetic ‘nigga’. Other episodes like â€Å"The Hunger Strike† and â€Å"The Uncle Ruckus Reality Show† ridiculed BET to the point where they pressured Sony to ban the shows. One of the funniest and ironically most criticized characters is Uncle Ruckus, a self-hating older black man and brother of Granddad Freeman creates a climate for one of the shows more controversial episodes, â€Å"Jimmy Rebel†. In this particular instance, Ruckus wrote music for a racist country singer, made mention to every known racial epithet to Black people, and called our president, ‘that baboon ‘Bama’. Other creative minds were not spared by McGruder’s satire, like Tyler Perry who was extremely roasted on the â€Å"Pause† episode, where they focused on Perry’s overzealous religious POV and used his cross-dressing and homosexual innuendos as fuel for the fire. It was a point in the episode where Granddad, whose voice is that of actor John Witherspoon, was forced by Perry’s character to say, ‘I renounce Ice Cube and all his works†¦even Friday! ’ Actor Kadeem Hardison was even clowned when his lack of persistent work in the film industry was mentioned as he auditioned for one of Perry’s plays turned films. Whitney and Bobby, Lil’ Browne 5 Wayne, and even fictional musical artists like Thugnificent are used to manifest negative, yet accurate portrayals of Black performers. There’s always talk about white television shows that ought to have black faces, but many of these same critics tend to overlook the reality that programming in general could stand to diversify, too. Diversity comes in many shades – most of which go beyond color. To that end, while it’s lovely to see so many shows strive to show the more â€Å"positive† aspects of black life, more often than not it appears to come at the expense of offering our perspective as it relates to race, class, and pop culture on the airwaves. There are plenty who confirm the satire found in the social and political commentary on the show, and other instances of the kind of acute humor found in shows like The Boondocks and Chappelle’s Show. That kind of humor, for the most part, can only be found in shows largely scripted and conceived by whites like The Daily Show, or even Family Guy and The Cleveland Show. Those shows are great, but still come from a separate point of view. The Boondocks has been known to be brought up in conversations as a point of reference to show how much driven satire entertainment that is enjoyed by Black people is a step backwards toward the days of the minstrel shows, but you have to be able to keep laughing, even if it’s at your own shortcomings. Browne 6 Works Cited Allah, Shabe. â€Å"The Boondocks†. The Best of Boondocks. Source Magazine 24 June 2010. Seward III, Herbert. â€Å"The Boondocks†. The Boondocks: Offensive show or stinging reality. Yahoo article 16 November 2007. Arceneaux, Michael. â€Å"The Boondocks†. Black Satire. Thegrio 18 May 2012 How to cite The Importance of Doing and Turning Your Work in on Time, Essay examples

King Louis XIV, The Sun King free essay sample

This paper discusses the life and achievements of the great French King Louis XIV. The following paper discusses the life of Louis XIV, the Sun King. He was a great monarch who helped in the revival of arts and theater in the country, some of his major military excursions were also very successful and they came in the first twenty years of his rule. From the paper: Louis XIV was born in a royal palace in 1638 and was made king at the very young age of five as his father Louis XIII had died. But since the new king was very young to look after the Empire, numerous uprisings were see in the country, the nobles and elites of France tried to create problems and so did the general public. This was period of intense rebellion against the monarchs, and is known in the French history as Fronde beginning in 1648 and ending in 1653. We will write a custom essay sample on King Louis XIV, The Sun King or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The king who was at a very impressionable age, was disturbed by the insurgencies and this was one thing he never forgot and the threat that the people of Paris had posed was also taken very seriously.

Alices Adventures In Wonderl essays

Alice's Adventure's In Wonderl essays Alices Adventures In Wonderland The book begins with a girl whose name is Alice. On a golden afternoon Alice and her sister decided to read a book without any pictures. After reading the book Alice fell asleep and dreamt of wonderland. It begins with a white rabbit. The rabbit was running along while caring a pocket watch and saying Im late, Im late, for a very important date. Alice was curious and decided to follow to see what was the trouble. Alice chased the hurrying white rabbit, down into a hole. The hole was the entrance to wonderland and it was very deep, so Alice went down, down, down all the way and finally arrived at the floor, there was a glass table and a small door. There was a key on the table. So Alice wanted to pass through the small door, but Alice was not a small enough to pass through the door. Alice tried to be small by drinking a glass of juice on the table. Alice was small somehow, but next Alice was too small to get the key on the table. Eventually she just climbed through the key hole. On the other side of the door was a forest. Alice met many wonderful things and people like, flowers that were people, a cat that talked, a caterpillar that smoked and somewhat friendly and two mad haters that loved to drink tea. They all gave her advice along her journey in search for the white rabbit. Alice eventually traveled along and ran into trump kingdom. There was a queen, who was very caprice and cruel. She loved to play croquet game, to off someone's head. In the trial, Alice's body was gradually large. Heart king and queen condemned Alice to exile, and many cards started rushing down towards her. She gave a little cry, feeling a bit afraid and angry and tried to get them away from her and found herself lying by the river, with her head on her sister's leg. This ended up being the ending of Alices dream. She was out of wonderland. Characters of this book are all wond ...

Free Essays on Malcolm X And Martin Luther King Use Of Rhetorical Strategy

Martin Luther King Jr. professed peace and brotherhood between people of all races. At the time when Malcolm X delivered his â€Å"Ballot or the Bullet† speech, he was an orthodox Muslim preaching the equality of all races, but that blacks must help themselves. Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his famous â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. on August 28, 1963. Six months and one day later, in Washington Heights, Malcolm X warned his audience of their dwindling abilities to gain freedom; that they needed to use the power of their votes in order to gain equality. These two men had a similar goal in their minds, but the paths in which they would each preach to attain those goals in their speeches varied with great distinction. While the content and underlying ideas of the speeches may have inconsistencies with each other, they both use many common literary devices and rhetorical strategy. King is best known for his peaceful protests and his non-violence movement. The underlying purpose of the â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech is to compel his audience to strive for equality among blacks and whites. King had two audiences in mind; he gave his speech during the march on Washington of that year where he had thousands of people listening to him as he addressed the masses crowding the Washington memorial and the Lincoln Memorial. King knew, however, that people everywhere would be listening, mostly black, but also whites. He had attained a status in society that made people listen to him. Malcolm X was delivering his speech during the height of the black suffrage movement. He was a key player in gathering support by his audiences of primarily black people to whom he spoke. This is important when understanding some of the language that both Malcolm X and King used in their speeches. The way in which King spoke directly reflects his acknowledgement of his audience. Throughout his speech, King created a sense of comr... Free Essays on Malcolm X And Martin Luther King Use Of Rhetorical Strategy Free Essays on Malcolm X And Martin Luther King Use Of Rhetorical Strategy Martin Luther King Jr. professed peace and brotherhood between people of all races. At the time when Malcolm X delivered his â€Å"Ballot or the Bullet† speech, he was an orthodox Muslim preaching the equality of all races, but that blacks must help themselves. Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his famous â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. on August 28, 1963. Six months and one day later, in Washington Heights, Malcolm X warned his audience of their dwindling abilities to gain freedom; that they needed to use the power of their votes in order to gain equality. These two men had a similar goal in their minds, but the paths in which they would each preach to attain those goals in their speeches varied with great distinction. While the content and underlying ideas of the speeches may have inconsistencies with each other, they both use many common literary devices and rhetorical strategy. King is best known for his peaceful protests and his non-violence movement. The underlying purpose of the â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech is to compel his audience to strive for equality among blacks and whites. King had two audiences in mind; he gave his speech during the march on Washington of that year where he had thousands of people listening to him as he addressed the masses crowding the Washington memorial and the Lincoln Memorial. King knew, however, that people everywhere would be listening, mostly black, but also whites. He had attained a status in society that made people listen to him. Malcolm X was delivering his speech during the height of the black suffrage movement. He was a key player in gathering support by his audiences of primarily black people to whom he spoke. This is important when understanding some of the language that both Malcolm X and King used in their speeches. The way in which King spoke directly reflects his acknowledgement of his audience. Throughout his speech, King created a sense of comr...

Marketing Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Marketing Management - Assignment Example Coca-Cola offers more than 500 brands in 200 countries serving 1.7 billion each day. The target market of Coca-Cola is not restricted to any area, gender or age. In fact, it is globally present and serves homes, offices, bars and restaurants; it identifies with youngsters, while is also targets the older age groups. The selling concept was exemplified in the thinking of Coca-Cola former vice president Sergio Zyman who said â€Å"the main objective of marketing was to sell more stuff to more people more often for more money to gain more profits.† (Yoffie and Wang, 2002) Coca Cola uses two varieties - one with sugar and another for all users. The product packaging incorporates the contour bottle design and the dynamic ribbon, shape and form. The bottle sometimes includes the native language of the region and it is designed in the same size as the beverage bottles or cans. Pepsi is the main rival of Coca Cola and many local brands compete with Coke in various regions as well. Coca-Cola produces more than 35,000 beverages. The company uses multi-brand marketing strategy, offering a wide range of beverage products to ensure customers a wide choice. The major brands launched are Coca-Cola, Fanta, Sprite and Diet Coke. Diet beverage was launched in 2001. Moreover, fruit drinks, coffees, teas and other forms of drinks were also introduced. Mineral water Kinley was launched soon afterwards (Dawar and Dai, 2003). Additionally, syrups and concentrates are also part of the product line up. For health conscious customers, energy drinks such as Powerade have been launched too. Coca Cola are packaged into 2 litres, 1.25 litres, 600 ml and 300 ml packages and these are also available in 375 ml aluminium cans. Coca-Cola favoured differentiated pricing model. Meet-the-competition pricing and psychological pricing models are used, which is suitable for varying customer segments and there are many products in a

What makes a good hypnotic suggestion and what other factors have an Essay

What makes a good hypnotic suggestion and what other factors have an effect on the success of therapy - Essay Example In the movies, people have seen individuals receive what is called "post hypnotic suggestion" where they have been told to do a variety of things. Sometimes these things are silly but in movies, they often use this suggestion to have the individual do something against their will. This is not what clinical hypnosis is about and its not what it does. In the clinical setting, an individual and their need for healing becomes central to the work in therapy. Because many people have seen stage hypnosis, they have developed attitudes or beliefs that may hinder their use of clinical hypnosis. In a study by Barling and DeLucchi, it was found that those people who have experienced hypnosis in the clinical setting had more knowledge and more positive beliefs about hypnosis than those who had seen it on the stage (Barling and DeLucchi 36). These authors also say that because people go into clinical hypnosis with pre-conceived ideas, it is very important for these to be explored: When a person thinks about using hypnosis, it is important to schedule a free consultation. During the consultation they can get questions answered and often satisfy their curiosity. Usually, a short session may be used so an individual can experience a little of the sensation that happens with hypnosis. The hypnotherapist will ask questions about the individuals life and their current situation. These questions will help the hypnotherapist assess the individuals need. It is also important during the initial consultation to go over goals and tools that the individual has used prior to coming to the current therapist. Often, the individual will receive ideas for skills to practice before the next session (Holistic Health Partnering). Hypnosis is a state of altered consciousness in which an individual is relaxed enough to allow the subconscious mind to come forward. Individuals must be willing to allow themselves to be hypnotized, allowing the hypnotherapist to induce the process. This process

Response to article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Response to article - Essay Example I believe that the corporate society will have to change to accommodate generation y since they need new and young blood to operate optimally. I agree with Thatcher that the future of American workforce is brighter. The days of richest Americans getting richer for doing less with the middle class doing all the work and getting less earnings for it are ending. A new generation have learnt to take their extracurricular skills seriously such that they can create jobs for themselves. In addition, many will not do a job they hate just to be employed. They would rather stay in their parent’s houses doing nothing because their parents can provide for them. To them, the world provides enormous opportunities and they have to choose the best. In the 21st century, advancement in technology has empowered many and they would want the companies they work for adopt these technology. In conclusion, generation y understands the easier options of carrying out business and will not bow to old complex methods. Companies will have to adopt easier options to accommodate them, making it easier for the existing

A More Perfect Union Speech | Barack Obama

A More Perfect Union Speech | Barack Obama The speech titled A More Perfect Union was delivered by Senator Barack Obama on March 18, 2008 at the National Constitution Centerin Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The speech responds to the video of Barack Obamas pastor, reverend Jeremiah Wright, in which Wright denounced the United States and accused the government of crimes against people of colour. The pundits and various news media outlets played the clip repeatedly on the television and YouTube. First, the Obamas speech attempts to address the nation on their concerns of his affiliation with Reverend Wright. Second, the speech addresses the sustaining and prevailing issues of race within America and how it paralyses our nation. The speech is compelling because it possesses the necessary elements of effective and persuasive rhetoric; in summation, Obamas rhetoric works. Rhetoric is the study of opposing arguments, misunderstanding, and miscommunication. By addressing the misunderstanding and miscommunication connected to and perpetrated by racism in America, the audience sees precisely how effective Obamas speech is when examined through such lenses as the classical and 20th century rhetorical theories and concepts from Aristotle, Richard Weaver, Stephen Toulmin, Chaim Perelman, and Michel Foucault. Barack Obamas speech echoes the rhetorical concepts of ethos, pathos, and logos that explicitly discussed within Aristotles The Rhetoric. Ethos is how the speakers character and authenticity aids his or her influence of the audience; whereas pathos is a rhetorical device that alters the audiences perceptions through storytelling and emotional appeals (181). Logos uses reason to construct an argument and to covey an idea (182). Finally, kairos attempts to conceptualize the need for the correct timing (201). Therefore, ethos, pathos, logos, and kairos are within the speech and expressed in various ways, striking language and repetition, and through different receptors, emotions and sense. Ethos is accomplished on intellectual, spiritual, and biological levels. Obama does this by giving factual information. He interjects historical references; he explains the extent of his family tree. Thus, Obama gives creditability to his speech and validity to his message. He acknowledges that the press routinely looks for the latest evidence of racial polarization, not just in terms of white and black, but black and brown as well (Obama, par. 7). From this quote, the audience is being persuaded by the theoretical concepts of opposing arguments. The audience is fully aware of the partition between the races, and the speech is very effective due to the fact that Barack Obama is willing to speak of what is often unspoken. When addressing his intellectual ethos, Obama mentions that he has gone to some of the best schools in America (Obama, par. 6). Secondly, he recites, We the people, in order to form a more perfect union, which is easily recognized as the first line in the U.S. Constitution (Obama, par. 2). Even those who do not possess complete knowledge of the famous line immediately understand that something of importance is being conveyed to them. Thirdly, he demonstrates his awareness of past occurrences and present concerns on the global scale. Senator Obama recalls the legacy of slavery and Jim Crow within our nation (Obama, par. 24). He acknowledges the present dangers of conflicts in the Middle East and explains the cause of such conflict (Obama, par. 10). The audience is given evidence that he understands the role of history as well as the present-day global concerns affecting our nation. Furthermore, Senator Obama uses ethos to gain credibility with his knowledge of social issues that pervade our society today. He states, The most segregated hour of American life occurs on Sunday morning (Obama, par. 12). He acknowledges that the resentments of the black and white communities arent always expressed in polite company, but these resentments are manifested within our society in destructive ways, like racism (Obama, par. 31). The audience feels that he is knowledgeable and credible on the immediate topics affecting our future and our daily lives. Ethos is also applied on a spiritual level by mentioning his present faith and making Biblical references. He states that more than twenty years ago [he was] introduce[d] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦to Christian faith [with] obligations to love one another, to care for the sick and lift up the poor (Obama, par. 13). He noted how black people merged with the stories of David and Goliath, Moses and Pharaoh, the Christians in the lions den, [and] Ezekiels field of dry bones (Obama, par. 16). Senator Obama is altering the language. Christians did not exist in the Old Testament story of Ezekiel, but Senator Obama is effectively connecting with every major religion. Simultaneously, he is reaching out to the secular world as well. Being cognizant that everyone does not actively practice a religious faith, Obama chooses stories that everyone, Christians and non-Christians, could identify and recognize. Thus, these religious references connect with masses as well as members of the three major religions. Finally, Senator Obama gains ethos by explaining his own genetic makeup. He states that he is the son of a black man from Kenya and a white woman from Kansasà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ [He continues that he] is married to a Black American who carries within her the blood of slaves and slave ownersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ [Then, he acknowledges that he has] brothers, sisters, nieces, nephews, uncles and cousins of every race and every hue scattered across three continents (Obama, par. 6). In essence, he reveals that he has the blood of Africa, the birthplace of humanity, and the blood of a woman of French descent within him. He has married a woman who has both slave and slave owner flowing within her. Moreover, he has fathered children who have the blood of humanity: African, European, slave, and the Caucasian slave owner within them. Thus, he is an authority on race. He states, [his] story [is] seared into [his] genetic makeup the idea that this nation is more that the sum of its partsthat out of many, we are truly one (Obama, par. 6). The audience revels at his remarkable story, and ethos is achieved through storytelling. In essence, Obama forges a biological connection with his audience. The connection is strengthened through Senator Obamas use of pathos. It is achieved through the use of emotional appeals. He alters the thoughts and feelings of his audience through storytelling, imagery, and allusion. The topic of race, within itself, evokes strong emotions, even to this very moment, this very second. The senator begins by telling a story of his grandfather who survived a Depression to serve in Pattons army during World War II (Obama, par. 6). The use of key terms such as Depression, Pattons army, and World War II evoke the emotional responses of patriotism and self-sacrifice. Toward the end of his speech, Obama shares another story; he tells of a young, white, Southern campaignerAshley Baiawho inspires an old, black, Southern man to vote (Obama, par. 45-46). In essence, Baia encourages pathos by telling her story. Barack Obama uses Baias story of inspiration to highlight the power in sharing his own story. The audience is able to connect through the emotional appeals that take place at the very core of humanity. It is easy to disrespect and dishonour something that is foreign and unknown, but it is hard to turn away from the essence of another mans soul. As fellow humans, the audience recognizes the sheer humanity in the story. Pathos is also achieved through the use of allusion and imagery. The imagery that is provoked with terms such as slave or slavery is still poignant today. Most people are cognizant of the plight of slaves within this country. The audience would be aware of the racism that ensued and the devastation and isolation that slavery caused in American history. When Barack Obama describes the various ways that racism manifested within our society, pathos is achieved because of the powerful imagery of the allusions to race and racial conflicts within our community. The audience is trapped and becomes aware of the prejudices and experiences of race and racism within their own lives, thus causing emotions to surge and overflow. Pathos, being the weakest form of rhetoric, is utilized by Senator Obama sparingly. Instead, he overwhelmingly utilizes the most powerful form of rhetoric, logos. Logos is the ability to embody rational, logical, methodical thoughts and persuasions. As it relates to Obamas speech, examples of logos are found throughout the text. For example, by displaying objectivity, the element of logos is achieved. Senator Barack Obama methodically explains the problems with race within America, and he gives logical, reasoned resolutions to the problems. He explains, The anger [of Blacks and] the memories of humiliation and doubt and fear have not gone away, nor has the anger and bitterness of those yearsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ [Later he offers resolution and states that] the African-American community [must embrace] our past without becoming victims of our past (Obama, par. 34). Many African-Americans will identify with Obamas assessment of race within the African-American community, and they will be inspired to act in a positive manner. Simultaneously, he acknowledges a similar anger within the white community. They [feel] theyve worked hard all their livesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦They are anxious about their future, and they feel their dreams slipping away [and] resentment builds over timeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ [Furthermore, he offers resolution and urges that] the white community [must acknowledge] that what ails the African-American community does not just exist in the minds of black people; that the legacy of discrimination [exists] (Obama, par. 36). From these lines, the audience is persuaded to respond in a positive manner as well, and they are urged to approach the subject of racism both subjectively and objectively. Senator Obama recognizes the duality of both plights and asks the American people not to blame each other but investigate and seek out the true reason of conflict within our nation. Thus, Obama is using inductive and deductive reasoning, which is indicative of logos. By utilizing Aristotles method and system, Obamas appeals to logic are beyond reproach. Once his reasons are defined, he states that this is the time that we must take action and secure our future together, and Obama begins to preach on the importance of time. The issue of time and timing directly correlates with the classical rhetorical term kairos. Obama conveys time in a powerful fashion. In the beginning of his speech, he states, Two hundred and twenty one years ago [our forefathers]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦produced [a document that was] eventually signed, but ultimately unfinished. It was stained by the nations original sin of slavery [that] brought the convention to a stalemate until the founders chose to allow the slave trade to continue for at least 20 more years, and leave any final resolution to future generations (Obama, par. 3). Later, he explains how people often manipulate race to win political elections and prevent unity. Barack Obama speaks of the continual war between segments of our community. Then he states, But race is an issue that I believe this nation cannot afford to ignore right now (Obama, par. 23). Furthermore, he acknowledges the complexities of race in America have never been resolved. He urges Americans to come together and solve [the] challenges [in America] (Obama, par. 33). He persuades the audience to racial relations within America a priority. In summary, kairos is aggressively addressed and highlighted. The audience realizes that the problem at hand may have been ignored by our forefathers, but these problems must be addressed now. Toward the end, kairos reaches its peak of effectiveness. Obama states that what has been effectively dividing the races in the past will not happen again: Not this time. This time we want to talk about crumbling schoolsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦This time we want to reject the cynicismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦This time we want to talk about [healthcare]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦This time we want to talk about [jobs]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦This time we want to talk about [race]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦This time-This time we want to talk about the men and women of every colour and creed who serve together, and fight together, and bleed together under the same proud flag (Obama, par. 40-41). From these lines, the audience feels the urgency of time; the listeners realize that this time America must act. Obama effectually uses the sophistic rhetorical theories and concepts to ignite and unite the audience; however, he also incorporates modern-day rhetorical theories and concepts as well. Specifically, Senator Obama utilizes the hierarchy of definition, analogy, cause and effect, and testimony of the 20th century rhetorician, Richard Weaver. In the introduction of Language Is Sermonic, the narrator summates Weaver as stating, Rhetoricà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦is a positive act with consequences in the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Every utterance is an attempt to make others see the world in a particular way and accept the values implicit in that point of view (1348). Similarly, Obama desires to persuade the audience to see the world from a different perspective, a different lens. First, toward the beginning of the text, Obama defines the Black church. He states, Black churches across the country embody the community in its entirety-the doctor and the welfare mom, the model student and the former gang-bangerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Services are full of raucous laughter and sometimes bawdy humour Full of kindness and cruelty, the fierce intelligence and the shocking ignorance, the struggles and successes, the love [as well as] the bitterness and biases (Obama, par. 18). If one really looks closely at the definition, it is also a definition of America as well as the Black church. By explaining the polarity within the Black church, he explains the polarity within America as a whole. In this way, Obama uses rhetoric in a positive way to impact his audience and highlights that every utterance is an attempt to make others see the world in a particular way [through definition]. Second, Weaver asserts, Rhetoric [is] the most important of all ends, the persuading of human beings to adopt right attitudes and act in response to them (1351). From these lines, one can examine Senator Obamas use of twentieth century rhetorical theories and concepts. Obama uses cause-and-effect by illustrating the history of racism within the United States (1354). He states: We do not need to recite here the history of racial injustice in this country. But we do need to remind ourselves that so many of the disparities that existed between the African-American community and the larger American community today can be traced directly to inequalities passed from an earlier generation that suffered under the brutal legacy of slavery and Jim Crow (Obama, par. 24). In essence, Obama is stating that the racism today has a sordid past in our history; it can not be ignored, but it must be confronted, discussed, and acted upon. Obama is using this cause-and-effect to play on the emotions of his audience. Everyone is aware of the gruesome history, yet, as Weaver puts it, Humanity includes emotionality or the capacity to feel and suffer, to know pleasure (1352). From these lines, it is obvious that Senator Obama uses cause-and-effect to evoke an emotional response and sway the audience to his point of view. Furthermore, Barack Obama utilizes the elements outlined by Stephen Toulmins The Uses of Argument. He uses the schema of the six components in analysing arguments: qualifier, claim, data, warrant, backing, and rebuttal. The qualifier is the word or phrase [that] expresses the speakers degree of force or certainty concerning the claim (1418). Next, the claim is the conclusion whose merit must be established (1417). Then, the data is the fact we appeal to as a foundation for the claim (1417). The warrant is the statement authorizing our movement from the data to the claim (1419). The backing is the credential designed to certify the statement expressed in the warrant; backing must be introduced when the warrant itself is not convincing enough to the readers or the listeners (1420). Finally, the rebuttal is the statement recognizing the restrictions to which the claim may legitimately be applied (1421). The following examples show how Obamas speech utilizes these principles as well: First, by working together, we can move beyond some (qualifier) of our old racial wounds (claim) by virtue of asserting a firm conviction, a conviction rooted in my faith in God and my faith in the American people (data), because we have no choice if we are to continue on a path of a more perfect union (warrant), as we know its a racial stalemate weve been struck in for years (backing)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Second, the vast majority (qualifier) of Americans want the issue of race to be resolved (claim) by virtue of the desire to perfect our society by young people whose attitudes and beliefs and openness to change have already made history in this election (data), because there is hope in the next generation (warrant)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(Obama, par. 33, 42) Similarly, as a rhetoric, Obama uses Chaim Perelmans techniques to connect to his audience. Perelmans The Realm of Rhetoric states, The importance of rhetoric, of the psychological technique which acts upon the hearers will in order to obtain his adherenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[B]y showing that for any subject there are two opposing discoursesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the existences of one single truth [is denied] (1379). From these lines, the audience can assume that Senator Obama verbalizes the plight of black, white, and brown Americans. He dismisses a single truth, and Obama accepts multiple truths within a society. He promotes inclusion and commonality among all people despite socio-economics or race, and Obama encourages them to look at both sides of the argument. Thus, he uses psychological techniques in order to connect with his audience. Similar to Aristotles rhetorical concept of kairos, in Chaim Perelmans The New Rhetoric: A Theory of Practical Reasoning he states, Political speakingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦urges us either to do or not to do something (1387). Not this time. This time we want to talk about crumbling schoolsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦This time we want to reject the cynicismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦This time we want to talk about [healthcare]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦This time we want to talk about [jobs]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦This time we want to talk about [race]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦This time-This time we want to talk about the men and women of every colour and creed who serve together, and fight together, and bleed together under the same proud flag (Obama, par. 40-41). From these lines, Obama is calling for action. He is urging the audience to respond and respond now. Using anaphora, the importance of acting now is echoed over and over again. It provokes emotion, pathos. He is promoting social cohesion in his audience. Furthermore, Perelman states, Things present, things near to us in space and time, act directly on our sensibility (1395). Obamas speech parallels this concept. Obama begins by making allusions to Americas historic past: Two hundred and twenty one years ago [our forefathers]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦in a hall that still stands across the streetà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦produced [a document that was] eventually signed, but ultimately unfinished. It was stained by the nations original sin of slavery [that] brought the convention to a stalemate until the founders chose to allow the slave trade to continue for at least 20 more years, and leave any final resolution to future generations (Obama, par. 23). From this quote, Obama even reflects the idea of time, past and present, in the very location in which the speech is given. He is connecting the past to the present. This quote highlights the importance of the location of Obamas speech on race, and how the event at the location has made the present setting possible. Finally, Michel Foucaults The Order of Discourse can easily be applied to Senator Barack Obamas speech on race in America; the political speech delivered in March 2008 concerned the taboo subjects of racism and how racism affected our religious rhetoric. According to the text, Foucault remarks, The desire to locate truth in something other than discourse itself hasà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦spawned several mistaken beliefsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ [Foucault questions] the will to truth [and attempts to] restore to discourse its character as an event (1432). Likewise Obama seeks to locate truth in his own experiences and through the invitation of discourse with the audience. Senator Obama discusses the discourse of race in America in a reasonable and logical manner, yet he also seems sincere, full of character, and an expert on the topic. Toward the beginning of The Order of Discourse, Foucault states, I should not like to have to enter this risky order of discourse (1460). Obamas speech is a risky order of discourse. Racism in America is, in many ways, ingrained and embedded within the culture. There are deep wounds that accompany a deeply wounded history. Foucault remarks, In a society like oursà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦We know quite well that we do not have the right to say everything, that we cannot speak of just anything in any circumstances whatever, and that not everyone has the right to speak of anything (1461). Foucaults statement sums up Senator Obamas dilemma. His pastor has spoken words that should not have been uttered-publically at least. Obama states, Weve heard my former pastor, Jeremiah Wright, use incendiary language to express views that have the potential not only to widen the racial divide, but views that denigrate both the greatness and the goodness of our nation and that rightly offend white and black alike (Obama, par. 8). In our society, it is simply not acceptable to transmit racism in a public and formal manner. Racism exists, but it is most often in the subtleties and comforts of familiar spaces and private homes. Thus, Obamas willingness to have an honest conversation on the taboo subject of racism in America is a risky order of discourse. To reiterate, the speech delivered by Barack Obama in March 2008 exemplifies effective rhetorical theories and concepts. Obama hopes to heal Americas turbulent racial legacy and move forward, from the negativity of the past, in a positive, logical manner through ethos, pathos, and logos appeals. First, Senator Obama argues against the long standing racial climate that exists within American society. Second, he broaches subjects that are often discussed in the private sphere but rarely discussed openly. Third, he wants the audience to know that he is an articulate, vibrant, and diverse African-American man who is capable of leading this country forward. Finally, he uses rhetoric to calm the misunderstanding of his personage and his controversial affiliation. In essence, he uses many elements that are exemplified in the classical and modern-day study of rhetoric, blends and expands new rhetorical devices in order to elevate the message, and effectively reaches a broad audience composed of multiple ethnic groups, multiple religions, and multiple socio-economic divisions. Through the rhetoric of language in the speech, Senator Obama proposes to have an honest conversation on race and unite the historical racial divide. In summary, the speech effectively connects to the audience through the multi-media of rhetoric.

Unspoken Comparison in Tacituss Germania Essay -- Germania

Unspoken Comparison in Tacitus's Germania Tacitus's Germania is a thoroughly itemized ethnographic text detailing the geography, climate and social structure of Germany and its people. Unlike his Histories and Annales Tacitus doesn't offer a story line to be followed, but instead, he nudges forth an unspoken comparison to be made between two cultures. Each of the Germania's 46 passages deals with a particular area of German civilization among which Tacitus develops a two-tiered theme. The two points he tries to make generally clear are the following: A) The Germans are barbaric, savage and stupid†¦but†¦ B) The Germans are quaint, noble and have some redeeming qualities that make them a formidable enemy worthy of fighting. However, these two points don't manifest themselves during the Germania's first passage on physical location. Tacitus lets us know right off the start where Germany is positioned in terms of its bordering territories and informs us among several other geographical details that the rivers Rhine and Danube separate Germany from the Galli, Rhaeti and Pannonii. The name "Germany" according to Tacitus originates from the name of a tribe that drove the Gauls out of what would ultimately become German territory. Ever since those times, the name "Germany" was believed to inspire terror when heard. Tacitus makes mention of the fact that within sections of their mythological and religious structure, Hercules and Ulysses carry significant influence and this contributes to his theory (along with their distinctive looks) that the Germans developed their particula... ...bject of divination. The horse to the Germans is the most trusted species of augury and at public expense they have white horses kept in sacred groves for the taking of auspices which is conducted by noting the horse's various snorts and neighs. Tacitus claims that business was not tended to without being armed and for the younger men, a sword and shield would be bestowed upon them at a certain age which he describes as a seeming equivalent to the Roman toga of manhood. To be surrounded by a large group of picked young armed men was a prestigious and honorable thing, or as Tacitus would put it, "an ornament in peace and defense in war". The Germans according to Tacitus found their nobility through war and felt that it was better to receive from blood and wounds than to receive from hard work and sweat tilling a field. Unspoken Comparison in Tacitus's Germania Essay -- Germania Unspoken Comparison in Tacitus's Germania Tacitus's Germania is a thoroughly itemized ethnographic text detailing the geography, climate and social structure of Germany and its people. Unlike his Histories and Annales Tacitus doesn't offer a story line to be followed, but instead, he nudges forth an unspoken comparison to be made between two cultures. Each of the Germania's 46 passages deals with a particular area of German civilization among which Tacitus develops a two-tiered theme. The two points he tries to make generally clear are the following: A) The Germans are barbaric, savage and stupid†¦but†¦ B) The Germans are quaint, noble and have some redeeming qualities that make them a formidable enemy worthy of fighting. However, these two points don't manifest themselves during the Germania's first passage on physical location. Tacitus lets us know right off the start where Germany is positioned in terms of its bordering territories and informs us among several other geographical details that the rivers Rhine and Danube separate Germany from the Galli, Rhaeti and Pannonii. The name "Germany" according to Tacitus originates from the name of a tribe that drove the Gauls out of what would ultimately become German territory. Ever since those times, the name "Germany" was believed to inspire terror when heard. Tacitus makes mention of the fact that within sections of their mythological and religious structure, Hercules and Ulysses carry significant influence and this contributes to his theory (along with their distinctive looks) that the Germans developed their particula... ...bject of divination. The horse to the Germans is the most trusted species of augury and at public expense they have white horses kept in sacred groves for the taking of auspices which is conducted by noting the horse's various snorts and neighs. Tacitus claims that business was not tended to without being armed and for the younger men, a sword and shield would be bestowed upon them at a certain age which he describes as a seeming equivalent to the Roman toga of manhood. To be surrounded by a large group of picked young armed men was a prestigious and honorable thing, or as Tacitus would put it, "an ornament in peace and defense in war". The Germans according to Tacitus found their nobility through war and felt that it was better to receive from blood and wounds than to receive from hard work and sweat tilling a field.

How far was the growth of the American economy in the years 1890 to 1914 due to the rise of big business? Essay

During the period 1890 to 1914 the American economy grew considerably due to the growth of its capacity to produce, rapid industrialisation and increased domestic consumption. This was, to a large extent, driven by big business. Oil was more readily available which made the transport of goods easier and encouraged development of machinery and industry. Through the dominance of Rockefeller and large oil companies, oil was exploited to the benefit of everyone and especially the embryonic car industry. In 1913, Henry Ford, adopted the moving assembly line, which meant that cars could be produced quickly which made them more affordable and increased sales boosting the economy. Through the work of the steel magnate Carnegie, steel became more readily available due to mass production which supported the development of heavy engineering and production which provided employment. JP Morgan had a leading role in reorganising American railroads which made transport of goods easier and cheaper. Due to ruthless big business culture, smaller companies which were less profitable could not survive, but the economy benefited from streamlined monopolies due to economy of scale. This meant that prices of goods went down and this spurred on the domestic market to buy more. By strictly controlling costs and increasing efficiency, big business moguls such as Vanderbilt, Rockefeller and Carnegie were particularly influential in this respect. In support of the economy banking became more stabilized due to financiers such as JP Morgan who directed the banking coalition that stopped the panic of 1907. This financial crisis almost crippled the American economy due to mass bank closures and major New York banks were on the verge of bankruptcy. The consequence of the intervention of JP Morgan was that banks were then able to provide credit to finance businesses and industry which boosted the American economy. Big business had considerable political influence and exerted pressure on the  government and states consequently passed laws to help big business. The government even extended protection through the Supreme Court such as keeping trade unions weak via super injunctions and the 14th amendment. This enshrined the rights and privileges of the individual, which allowed the development of a laissez-faire business culture. There were however a number of factors which supported the economy which were not directly related to big business. The development of agriculture across the Plains resulted in the cultivation of more land. Technological innovations such as barbed wire helped in this respect because land could be better protected. Innovations such as higher-yielding hybrid wheat made farming much more productive and profitable; this resulted in America becoming a ‘bread basket’ with surplus wheat for export. Likewise the development of technology such as refrigeration was important to farming and the economy. The development of the refrigerated rail car allowed perishable produce to be transported all across America. However, undoubtedly big business helped to fund and channel innovation into even greater profitability. Cheap labour, resulting from immigration, was particularly important to developing the economy and also brought additional skills to the country. As productivity increased trade with Asia created additional markets and demands for products. Indirectly advertising was another area that helped the American economy. Full page adverts in newspapers both in the USA and the rest of the world made people want products and therefore boosted sales and profits. Also the door-to-door salesman developed in this period as new products arrived fuelled demand. In conclusion big business was clearly extremely important in developing the American economy from 1890 to 1914 but many factors interrelate and arguably the government creating a capitalist free market economy through the political influence of big business was a major factor in helping businesses and the economy to grow.

Polar Bear essays

Polar Bear essays Who would have guessed Arctic is derived from the Greek word arktos meaning bear, and is a reference to the constellation Ursa Major, or Great Bear, which appears prominently in the northern sky (Hare 150)? The polar bear, a habitant of the Arctic, is the largest living carnivore. Three interesting components of a polar bear are its care and maintenance, reproduction, and unique characteristics. An interesting aspect of polar bears is its care and maintenance. Polar bears can be found near the North Pole, in a 150-mile diameter all around. Hare, the author of Animal Habitats said, They are found to dig dens to survive fierce blizzards and the bitter cold(Hare 151). The polar bear has fur that is different from any other animal. It helps to adapt to its climate and stalk its prey. Close to their bodies they have a woolly layer of fur to keep them warm, but their skin is actually black to absorb heat from the sun. Their fur looks white because it is hollow and reflects the sun (Hare 130). Wexo says, Fur on polar bears is actually yellowish not pure white like most people think Wexo (11). It is a yellowish because of the oxidation of the sea oil (Hare 131). For cubs the color of the fur is bluish white, then goes to a creamy white, finally when an adult it stays at this yellowish color. In the book Polar Bears Wexo said that the light color of its fur helps the pola r bear hide as it stalks its prey (11). One way that a polar bear gets its food is by stalking prey or waiting for seals to come up for air from under the water (http://web14.epnet.com/citation.asp>). Polar bears mainly eat young seals, usually ringed, but will eat bearded, harp, and hooded seals. They prefer seals but have also been known to scavenge for dead walrus, eggs and beach cast carrion. During the summer, when they dont have snow for cover or ice for the access to the seals...

Free Essays on Fashion Magazines Affect on Teenage Girls

Reading fashion magazines can detrimental to teenage girls because such magazines can lower a girl’s self-esteem. Teenage girls see images of beautiful women in these magazines and think to themselves â€Å"I wish I could look like that, beautiful and skinny.† The truth is only there are few women who actually look like that, compared to the rest of the female population. And also the women don’t look that perfect to begin with. The images shown in these fashion magazines are airbrushed, altered, and fixed. This thinking that models are the ultimate beauty and that we should all strive to look like them is what can cause eating disorders in teenagers. They see a perfect-bodied woman and think about how perfect their life must be, and then go to dangerous lengths to be skinny. Some girls will do anything to try to reach this unattainable perfect body. Even though they may not think so, the teenagers self esteem goes down with their weight. Eventually, they will gain the weight back from the crash dieting or binging and purging, and then feel worse than before. We should have people of every size in fashion magazines, and then maybe girls will learn that everyone is different, and perfection is inevitably unattainable.... Free Essays on Fashion Magazines Affect on Teenage Girls Free Essays on Fashion Magazines Affect on Teenage Girls Reading fashion magazines can detrimental to teenage girls because such magazines can lower a girl’s self-esteem. Teenage girls see images of beautiful women in these magazines and think to themselves â€Å"I wish I could look like that, beautiful and skinny.† The truth is only there are few women who actually look like that, compared to the rest of the female population. And also the women don’t look that perfect to begin with. The images shown in these fashion magazines are airbrushed, altered, and fixed. This thinking that models are the ultimate beauty and that we should all strive to look like them is what can cause eating disorders in teenagers. They see a perfect-bodied woman and think about how perfect their life must be, and then go to dangerous lengths to be skinny. Some girls will do anything to try to reach this unattainable perfect body. Even though they may not think so, the teenagers self esteem goes down with their weight. Eventually, they will gain the weight back from the crash dieting or binging and purging, and then feel worse than before. We should have people of every size in fashion magazines, and then maybe girls will learn that everyone is different, and perfection is inevitably unattainable....

Bottling Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bottling Company - Case Study Example The above parameters are calculated using Excel built in functions. The mean and median are very close to each other; it shows that the data do not have skews. Standard deviation of sampling data are small, which states that values are close to the mean. In statistics, the population mean is measured through the sample mean. Statistics uses a concept called confidence interval in order to calculate a population mean. This assignment uses a 95% confidence interval to evaluate a range of the population mean. The confidence interval, in this case, is measured using method of unknown mean and unknown standard deviation of the population. The range is achieved using the central tendency values and the critical value of t, and SE. The critical value is calculated using Excel formula T.INV.2T(0.05,29); where 0.05 is the significance level of 95% confidence interval, 29 is the degree of freedom, df = n-1. The t critical = 2.045. The term SE is called standard error; it is calculated using formula STDV / sqrt (n). In this case, SE = 0.1. The upper limit of the interval = X mean + t*SE = 14.87+2.045*0.1=15.08. The lower limit of the interval is X mean +t.*SE = 14.87-2.045*0.1 = 14.66. Thus, the 95% confidence interval is (14.66, 15.08). In this case, customer’s complaint is that the soda in the bottle is less than 16 ounces; however, the company claims that the soda in the bottle is 16 ounces. These two statements give the basis for the hypothesis test (â€Å"What is hypothesis testing†, n.d.). The alternate hypothesis is the population mean is less than 16 ounces; null is the population mean is equal or greater than 16 ounces. The significance level of the test is 5%. Based on the alternative statement, it is advised to conduct a left tail test of mean; for this purpose test statistics is defined as t = (x mean - ÃŽ ¼) / SE = (14.87-16.0) / 0.1 = - 11.25. Based on degree of freedom, df = 29 and significance level

How does the electronic medium require different tactics for effective Essay

How does the electronic medium require different tactics for effective marketing communications - Essay Example Electronic marketing establishes new avenues for junior businesses favouring them since only a modest budgeting is required to ensure that access to possible customers is made easier. Compared to any other form of marketing, e-marketing has a wider scope, enabling the marketers to interact with consumers in extensive range of manner. (Phelps et al., 2004) E-marketing offers an opportunity to provide quality and adequate information on a variety of services and products of a company or a business enterprise. Besides offering product and service information e-marketing elaborates on management, public relations, sales and customer care. Furthermore, e-marketing facilities exchange of information directly between customers and companies. This can be seen as two way communication system that enhances quality improvement through customer feedback and evaluation. E-marketing has an impressive degree of immediacy, it takes only a few minutes to express interest of purchase through simple step of clicking button to make an order or book a ticket. In other words electronic marketing is in operation all day the whole week and throughout year. There is little time difference between posting information about a product and consumers expressing interest of purchase (Phelps et al., 2004). Electronic marketing has proven to be effective and a good marketing strategy since many people has access to internet today than before. Electronic medium requires a number of tactics to enhance effective marketing communication (Martin, 2010). In order to realize the goal of electronic marketing which is having access to a larger number of customers in the shortest time possible as well as initiating difficult free business transactions, there are several tactics of marketing employed. Search engine marketing is one of the most frequently used electronic marketing. These search engines include

Equal Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Equal Rights - Essay Example Was there really no means for him not to emulate Eve given the fact that he loved her? But we are no longer living on biblical times. The apple had been swallowed and the Garden of Eden is but a distant memory of our apparent disobedience from the commands of God in his paradise. An amendment pertaining to equal rights amendment, specifically, on gender equality has been long overdue. The drafted 1972 Equal Rights Amendment, with all its content and significance duly brought to notice the need for this statute. The clamor not only by various organizations that advocate its ratification can be viewed as nothing less than the legislative’s duty to bring about justice especially in this ever-changing society. It is by virtue of evolution that such changes are inherent to us as a nation. The righteousness of our democracy yields the empowerment of the people not only to be theoretical but must be realized in such a manner that it is in constant concurrence with the applicability of the manner of the times we live in. No longer are we, regardless of gender, mere audience to our own existence. The intent for which this amendment is based on gives supremacy to the need for substantial change that must be implemented. This conflict in the Constitution, the supreme law of the land, must be addressed with expediency. Over a century preceding the adoption of the Equal Protection Clause, it has yet to be given its ‘teeth’ so to speak in the decisions of the Supreme Court. In a 1983 law from the state of Illinois which prohibits women from practicing law, the court ruled that it was in accordance with the Constitution as such that no law was violated in its implementation. Furthermore, it had become more apparent that the courts cite in its opinion the prevalence of the belief that man should be the protector of women and that a woman’s primary duty not only in the eyes of the family but of the law, is to be a good wife and mother as such is the law of the

Seaworld Water Conservation in Sanantoino Essay Example for Free

Seaworld Water Conservation in Sanantoino Essay Many of us have been to water parks/ theme parks and probably never thought about how much water is being used. I especially have been intrigued with the fact that San Antonio has a Seaworld, because the other cities that have one are San Diego and Orlando. San Diego and Orlando both are by many beaches and land of water compared to San Antonio. So to me I felt that San Antonio having a Seaworld would have a major impact on our city water supply. How much water does Seaworld consume and or try to conserve? I talked to Melissa, an educator at Seaworld, and she discussed with me that several of Seaworld’s management had already developed the park’s Water Conservation Plan and had submitted the plan to the San Antonio Water System. The drought restrictions for San Antonio are quit stringent. Many of the restrictions, however, are everyday practices for their park. Under restrictions, water waste is prohibited; Melissa quoted, â€Å" At Seaworld we are always watching how our water is being used and we are always finding new ways to reuse our water or reduce consumption. I also found out that the park reduces their landscape watering by about 20% in their formal park area, and their back area of the park goes without water. Another way the park conserve water is by collecting water condensation from air conditioning units in two condensation tanks found in back areas of the park. The water collected in these tanks is used to irrigate landscaping throughout the park and is also used to pressure wash pathways. Low-flow toilets have been installed in the park restrooms to reduce the amount of waste water used. In addition to conservation reclaimed water is used to water the plants and grass at Seaworld. They’ve also cut their monthy water use from eight million gallons to four million gallons in the last three years, according to Wade from the NPR organization,who had wrote an article about recycled water in San Antonio. When Shamu splashes the lower rows with fountains of water from his 5 million gallon tank, the water that looks like its going the drain is actually headed for capture. In fact, Seaworld has built its own on-site water filtration system. Seaworld San Antonio has made conservation a top priority over the years and are continuously working on innovative ways to improve the environment. The team at the park workhard every year to improve and reduce the park’s overall energy consumption through water and energy cconservation, sustainability and recycling. In 2009 they were presented with â€Å" Going Green Award† in the Conservation Program category by the San Antonio Business Journal. The award program recognizes individuals, companies and programs making an effort to save our planet. The parks water and energy conservation and recycling efforts were key factors in winning this award. As important as conservation is, whats really saving San Antonio right now is its aquifer-storage system. During times when the rains are plenty and the Edwards Aquifer is full, San Antonio aggressively pumps the water out and stores it forty miles away in a sand formation called the Carrizo. Nobody knows how much water the Carrizo could ultimately store, perhaps as much as sixty-five billion gallons. Now, in the midst of this devastating drought, the Carrizo’s massive pumps are sending this rainy day water back to the thirsty city from whence it came. I talked with Jeff, director of production, and he stated that he feels it’s a huge benefit and that it cuts down on the amount of water that San Antonio uses from the Edwards during a critical time , which is good for the entire region. San Antonio’s approach to its water has saved it in the past but like Wlliam Alley discusses in his essay, Tracking U. S.  Groundwater, no one knows how much water is actually available. Its all estimates. Its almost impossible to keep record of and exact figure when it comes to water consumption. Alley goes to explain how the aquifer can be estimated more accurately than global ground water. So the Carrizo obtains most of its water from rain. If the rain don’t come, San Antonio and the rest of Texas are going to learn what the word â€Å"drought† really means. Seaworld San Antonio does not have a major impact on the city water supply. Karen the water system’s director of conservstion stated that seaworld amongst other customers have helped them reach their goal to save a billion gallons of water every single year. Like Mark Holston, the author of â€Å"Where Has All The Water Gone†, discusses how water is being reused to our benenfit. That to me is where the Carizzo comes into play for the city and the main ways Seaworld reuses water as well. Both ways have helped the community figure out that it is better to save watere than to worry about having to always just acquire more water.

Womans Triple Role Within The Family Sociology Essay

Womans Triple Role Within The Family Sociology Essay Work and family are central part of family life and society. All over the world, women and children are entering and staying in the workforce in greater numbers than before and Mauritius is no exception. Despite the cultural norms and traditions, most women work outside the family to maintain a certain quality of life. For some, work can be a source of employment and creative opportunity as well as income. For others it is a personal satisfaction, status and for integration. Traditional family structures have prevented women from enjoying meaningful work experiences. Their labour was mostly confined to their home and family rather than enjoying the rewards of paid employment. Thus, womens primary responsibilities were childcare, the preparation of food and clothing for the family and general household tasks. But nowadays, with the changing social and economic forces, there has been a dramatic increase in womens labour force participation rate. The factors which has lead a greater proportion of women in Mauritius in paid employment are due to educational opportunities and it has become socially acceptable for married women to work. Modern age womens tasks have been facilitated with the provisions of child-care services and labour saving electrical devices in the home. However, all these have not lessened the burden of inequality within the family. Even the World Bank (2001) report states that gender inequality in various forms is still prevalent around the world. 1.2 Womans triple role within the family Women play a very important role within the family and the society. They are the pillar of the house and they play a crucial role in sustaining the family. They have to take charge of the order, the matter and the health of all the family. Thus, Women are associated with the triple roles of reproductive, productive and community. In the same context, Dunscombe and Marsden (1995) parted that women in paid employment bear the burden of working a triple shift. In addition to their paid employment, they are engaged in domestic and emotion work and mother in a male dominated society. Even though they go out to work in order to contribute to the family budget, they still have to take care of the household which, most of time are inequitably shared. 1.3 Changing functions of the family Modernisation and industrialisation have brought about the breakdown of the extended family to the emergence of the nuclear family, where family are more independent and there is less contact with kins. Nowadays, another form of family which is becoming very popular with the rising rate of divorce is the single-parent family. The past two- decades have brought a great increase in the number of families with responsibilities both at work and at home. Nowadays, single-parents, working women and dual-earner couples are heavily involved in parenting (Carnier et al., 2004). Therefore, today families are stressed by the pressure of work, family and community demands. It is argued that the family in industrial society is losing many of its functions. Sociologist Ronald Fletcher (2000) claims that, the familys functions have increased in detail and importance. The role of the family has changed from a producer to a consumer. Goods and services are increasingly being bought and consumed houses, cars, furniture and education. Hence, the highly materialistic world demands that both husband and wife go out to work. The controversy is that women would then contribute to the family budget while men would not contribute to the household work. The result is that less time is spent in the family. At times, children are unattended and social problems crop up leading to instability and turbulence in the family. 1.4 Changing status of women across times There has been a gradual improvement in the status of women. They have achieved more political equality with men and they have equal rights in education. Most types of job are suitable for women today. Equal opportunity act has helped discard discrimination. The Economic Miracle of Mauritius is largely dependent on the growth of the manufacturing sector which was introduced in 1970s. It has been the main engine of economic development in Mauritius and has absorbed large numbers of unemployed labour. The traditional women who were uneducated represented an important pool of labour for the industrialists. The new economic leverage has welcomed the earning of second salary amidst the family. Everyone at all levels of society is becoming aware of the stress families face these days so as to struggle to balance their responsibilities at home and at work. Too often families have to choose between the demands of work and family, elderly parents and relatives. In Mauritius the two demographic trends in the increase participation rates for working mothers and dual-career couples have a profound effect on the spheres of work and family. It is generally recognized that the extensive pressure arising from work environment and from family environment can produce high-levels of work-family conflict for many employees. Development is good for any country but at the same time it has added extra burden on women particularly balancing the conflicting demands of family life and career. 1.5 Functionalist perspectives on work and family According to functionalist, family are living in a post modern way of living which is very good for the society as they prefer not to have children because of their career and some prefer to stay-single and they are going according to the needs of the society. P and B Bergers argue that the bourgeois family already teaches children what the society want that is, strict moral values and value economic success. E.Leach (1996) argues that the Nuclear family is stressed. They are exploited by the capitalist and they are alienated; they work because they have no choice. Family are nowadays privatized, they do not want people to know what is happening in their yard. Parents also inculcate fear and suspicious in children that they fear to revolt with the actual system. 1.6 Problem statement According to the Honourable   Ã‚  Minister of Gender Equality, Child Development and Family Welfare, in a workshop on A sensitisation programme on strengthening Family ties organised in 19 May 2007, the Mauritian society is being affected by the ageing population, changes in the structure of the family and the erosion of family values. She rightly pointed out that the family has an important role to play in terms of addressing the emotional, material, social and economic needs of its members. It is principally through the family that social values and knowledge are transmitted from generation to generation and hence this reinforces the social fabrics. Like any other country, the Mauritians Government is playing an important role in trying to maintain the balance between work and family life. If the family is stable, this will have a direct impact on the society and hence on the country. On one hand, the family life in Mauritius is being eroded in the face of the demands of work and increasingly long hours in at work. Practically, many members of the Mauritian family return home after work at different times and the traditional family meals that were customary in the past, are now reserved for weekends. Many parents strive to find time to spend with their children during the working week. The twin pressures of work and family life are raising stress levels within the home and creating much pressure. Parents are struggling to fit all their chores into shorter time frames because of lack of time. Due, to the constraint of time imposed by work schedule, various social problems have cropped up. There is increasing divorce rate (0.47 per 1000 people) and children are having recourse to drug, alcohol and cigarette smoking. On the other hand, despite the so called equality of sexes advocated by feminists, it is seen that the responsibility of looking after the family relies mostly on women. Hence, housework and looking after children remain predominantly womens work. Womens works have been marginalised throughout the history. Women are more likely to concentrate on their work than family. Therefore, family being an important institution it is very important to know what is causing the breakdown of the family, how children are able cope with it and its negative effects on children especially adolescents. 1.7 Research aim and objectives This project aims to make an assessment as to whether the impact of the relationship between work and the situation of children within the modern family really affects children and does work leads to the breakdown of the family. Thus, the objectives of this study are to: Probe into different occupational sectors in Mauritius to measure the impact of work on family life balance; To see whether women are able to handle their triple role within the modern family; To see whether the notion of family being functional in the society as advocated by functionalist really stand in the Mauritian society, To see whether children belonging the middle class family or upper class family who are more affected; Find out respondents views on does social problems like Juvenile Delinquencies are occurring due to lack of supervision of parents in the modern family; and Propose findings and solutions. 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1.0 WOMEN AND THE FAMILY 2.1 Introduction This part opens up with: The family acts as a primary socialization of children whereby the child first learns the basic values and norms of the culture they will grow up in. A child needs to be carefully nurtured, cherished and moulded into responsible individuals with good values and strong ethics. Therefore, it is important to provide them the best childcare so that they grow up to be physically, mentally and emotionally strong individuals. 2.1.1 Definition of the Family According to Sociologists, the family is an intimate domestic group of people related to one another by bonds of blood, sexual mating, or legal ties. It has been a very resilient social unit that has survived and adapted through time. So, the element of time referred to above, is again present here. Similarly, The United States Census Bureau (2007) defines the family as a relatively permanent group of two or more people who are related by blood, marriage or adoption and who live under the same roof. Stephen (1999) defines the family as a social arrangement based on marriage including recognition of rights and duties of parenthood, common residence for husband, wife and children are reciprocal economic obligations between husband and wife. Similarly, The United States Census Bureau (2007) defines the family as a relatively permanent group of two or more people who are related by blood, marriage or adoption and who live under the same roof. The family is seen as the main pillar block of a community; family structure and upbringing influence the social character and personality of any given society. Family is where everybody learns to love, to care, to be compassionate, to be ethical, to be honest, to be fair, to have common sense, to use reasoning etc., values which are essential for living in a community. Yet, there are ongoing debates that families values are in decline. George Peter Murdock (1949) defines the family as a universal institution. According to him, the family is a social group characterised by common residence, economic corporation and reproduction. It includes adults of both sexes at least two of whom maintain a socially approved sexual relationship and one or more children owned or adopted of the sexually cohabiting adults. However, K. Gough (1959) criticises Murdock definition and argues that the family is not universal. The critics were founded in the Nayar society. 2.1.2 Women and the Family The main role of women according to John Bowlby (1953) is particularly to act as mothers and as such their places are at home to take care of their children in their tender age. He states that juvenile delinquencies among young children are the result of psychological separation from mothers. The mental stability of children rests solely on their mothers. Therefore there is a need for a close and intimate mother and child relationship. However, Oakley (1974) uses the example of Alor, an island in Indonesia to refute Bowlby statement. In small-scale horticultural societies, women are not tied to their offspring, and there is no apparent side effect to it. Moreover, she does not see the intimate and close relationship necessary. Research has proved that mothers return to work after childbirth and that the children of working mothers are less likely to be delinquent than non-working mothers. Crouch (1999) describes the benefits gained by wives and mothers as the mid century social compromise. Duncan et al. (1998) argue that women who define themselves as primarily mothers are located at all points on the social spectrum. Patricia Day Hookoomsing (2002) states that, plans and projects are designed and implemented by men. It is assumed that if men as heads of the family will reap the benefit from projects designed, automatically women and children will benefit. 2.1.3 The Darker Side of the Family / Erosion of Family Life Earlier in this review of literature, it is shown that the family is warm and supportive. However, many writers have questioned the darker side of the family. The fact that women spend most of their time either at work or doing household chores can lead to emotional stress in the family. The twentieth century family is mostly nucleus and thus children at times feel isolated and lacking the support of their extended kins: grandparents, aunts, cousins etc. They become introvert and their stress level rise to such an extent that when explosion occurs, it can have dramatic results. This may lead to violence, psychological damage, mental illness, drug intake, crime etc. The breakdown of children may lead to quarrel between parents. In the long run, marriages may fail and consequently lead to divorce. Incidence that may appear trivial can blow out of proportions and cause drastic consequence within the family. The mass media is increasingly bringing to people attention the sexual, physical and emotional abuse of children through neglect. Similarly, The National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (2000) parts that around 10% of children suffering from serious abuse or neglect at home by natural parents. 2.1.4 Conception about Family and Work Families and work have often been illustrated as separate entities, with women being linked to the home and men to the workplace. This separation unfortunately emanated by the sociology of the family being carried out as a separate domain from the sociology of work and occupations. However this assumption does not stand good in view of the increased participation of married women in the workplace. Early work by Rhona Raraport and Robert N. Raraport (1969) on dual-career families has talked about the benefits and strains of families with dual-earners. There are, however, many questions still to be answered concerning the interaction of family and work. Harkness and Waldfogel (1999) advocate that the formation of a family touches mostly female rather than male labour force behaviour. The withdrawal from labour after childbirth may lead to a depreciation of human capital. This may affect career commitment to employers and affect career progression. There are changes in family arrangements which prompt changes in production arrangements (Zaretsky 1976). Consumption was favoured to production within the household. Market relation became overruled by a capitalist market society and instead of economy being embedded in social relations, social relations are embedded in the economic system (Polanyi 1957). Dapne Johnson (1982) relates that the hours of work and schooling are organized at such time that it has become difficult to single-parent and dual-worker family. Moreover, school holidays add up to the problems of who will look after the child. Full-time married or cohabiting women generally have less time for leisure, as they are often expected to do two jobs their paid work and unpaid housework inside the family, Ken Brown (2008). 2.2.0 PART II WOMEN AND WORK 2.2.1 Definition of Work According to Ken Brown (2008), work is the production of goods and services that usually earns a wage or salary or provides other rewards. The work may be effected in the formal or informal economy. He argues that work is an important element in occupying, directing and structuring the individuals time the demands of working life involve a high degree of self discipline if jobs are to be kept. It is, for most people, the single biggest commitment of time in any week, and it is perhaps one of the most important experiences affecting peoples entire lives. Work affects the amount of time and money available for family life. Pauline Wilson and Allan Kidd (1998) refer to work as a distinctive and clear cut activity. Work refers to the job or occupation undertaken. Work is both the place where one goes in order to do ones job and the activity that ones does. Sociologies increasingly recognise however that it is not easy to define work. The definitions concentrate solely on paid employment and are too narrow. Keith Grint (1991) also states the same thing and even presents a number of definitions to prove what he says:- Work can be seen as that which ensures individual and societal survival by engaging in nature. The problem is that many activities which cannot be seen are often regarded as work. Work cannot be defined simply as employment. Activities in which people are employed are also performed by people who are not employed. Examples include washing, ironing. Work cannot be defined as something which can be done whether it is liked or not. Work can finally not be seen as non-leisure activities. Activities may be leisure for some but work for others. Work and leisure would be hard to separate if it goes together. The changing nature of workforce and the increasing proportion of employees with family responsibilities suggest that employees, especially working women might demand more family-friendly benefits or policies to assist them in dealing with family demand beyond their paid work (Hon 2002; Hin, 2001; Yu, 1999). The societal and economic changes brought about by womens increasing participation in the paid workforce have placed pressure on Governments to legislate on work-family benefits and organization to provide them. 2.2.2 Reasons for working in paid employment Women work in paid employment for a number of reasons. These are as follows: Job satisfaction Money Company and friendship Status and identity To get out of the home and feel free To be independent 2.2.3 The Impact of Development on women and their participation in different sectors Women account for an increasing proportion of the workforce and today more women are resuming work after having children than 2 decades ago. Despite various legislations in favour of women, womens and mens positions on the labour market remain different. Hakim (2000) stated that contemporary changes in womens employment arose mainly because of the difference which arose out of work choices. The author states that there are three categories of women: home/family centred, work centred and adaptive drifters. Home centred women give priority to their families, work centred women give priority to their employment careers, and adaptive women shift their priorities between family and career over their life cycles. Because the proportion of home centred and work centred individuals is higher amongst women than men, womens employment patterns are different. The EPZ sector has profound impacts upon the structure of the Mauritian Society. Industrialization has enable women to take a much active role in society. The traditional house wives were liberated to go out to work. Men were no more the sole breadwinners in the house. Thousands of women left their houses and took employment in factories. This new economic leverage of women had beneficial effect and raised their standard of living. The docile dependent housewife thus was transformed into an independent income earner. 2.3.0 PART II- WORK-FAMILY CONFLICT 2.3.1 Defining work-family conflict Work and family represent two spheres in adults social life. Howard (2008) in summarizing the definition put forth by prior scholars (Greenhaus Beutell, 1985; Boyar, Maertz, Pearson, Keough, 2003) conceptualized work-family conflict as a type of interrole conflict where both work and family issues exert pressures on individual. Greenhaus and Beutell (1985, as cited in Dealen Willemsen Sanders, 2006) also define WFC as conflict in which the role pressure from the work and family domains are mutually incompatible in some respect. Just like (Greenhaus, 2002) has said that WFC is bio-directional it thus, create conflict where compliance with family matters the difficulty of complying with work matters. Conflict is understood to arise when an individual has to perform multiple roles such as worker, spouse and parents. Each of these roles imposes demands of their incumbents, requiring time, energy and commitment. Conflict occurs when the demands from one of these domains (home, work, personal and family) interferes with each other and causes imbalance (Frone et al.,1992, 1997). In todays hectic society, home and work are two colliding forces (Greenhaus and Powell, 2003) that has often lead to an imbalance, where women lives to achieve fulfillment and satisfaction (Auster, 2001,Chalofsky,2003). Moreover, (Zedeck,1992) also suggests that a persons work experience influence his or her behavior at home, influencing basic behaviors towards self and family members. WFC has also been shown to be related to negative work outcomes such as job dissatisfaction, job burnout and turnover (Greenhaus, Parasuraman Collins, 2001,Howard, Donofrio Boles, 2004), as well as to outcomes related to psychological distress and marital dissatisfaction (Kinnuen Mauno 1998,Aryee et al.,1999) 2.3.2 Types of work-family conflict Greenhaus and Beutell (1985) identified three major types of work-family conflict: Time-based, Strain-based and Behavior-based conflict Time-based conflict occurs when time devoted to one role makes it difficult to participate in another for example, when mothers have to do overtime at work with little notice might make it difficult for them to meet family obligations, like picking up children from school. Time-based conflict, is also the most common types of work-family conflict when multiple roles reduce the time energy available to meet all role demands, thus creating strain (Goode,1960) and WFC (Marks,1977). Strain-based conflict arises when strain or fatigue is experienced in one role and therefore, hinders performance or exploits resources which would be otherwise available for another role (Bryon,2005; Carlson,1999 as cited in Mauno, Kinnunen Ruokolainen,2006). For instance, negative emotional reactions to workplace stresses may lead to expression of irritability towards family members or withdrawal from family interaction in order to recuperate (ODriscall,1999 as cited in Jones, Burke Westman,2006) Behavior-based conflict occurs when specific behaviors required in one role are incompatible with behavior expectations in another role (Carlson et al., 2000). It has been suggested for example, that the male managerial stereotype emphasize self-reliance, emotional stability, aggressiveness and objectivity (Schein, 1973). Family members may thus, expect a person to be warm, nurturing and vulnerable in his interaction with them. (Carlson et al., 2000) also argue that another form of work/ family conflict is the Worry-based conflict in modern industrial society. On the other hand, increasing living cost, marital distress and parental stress may erode the stability of the family life (Lu, in press), causing worries which interfere with work. (Carlson et al., 2000) thus, defined worry-based conflict in terms of pervasive and generalized worries experienced in one role into and interfering with participation in another role. In a study, Fu and Shaffer (2001) identified several family and work specific determinants of FWC and WFC conflict, respectively. Testing these across the three forms of conflict-time, strain, behavior-based they found that the family- specific variables were only effective in predicting time-based FWC conflict. As a group, the work-specific variables had much stronger effects and role conflict, role overload and hours spent on paid work were especially influential in explaining both time-based and strain-based forms of WFC conflict. Family conflicts were to be strong risk factor for the onset of elevated need for necessary need for recovery from work and fatigue. 2.4.0 CAUSES OF WORK-FAMILY CONFLICT 2.4.1 Hours of work Time is an important aspect that has been associated with work-family. As time is a limited resource (Frone et al., 1997b) argues that working more hours means that the employee is at work for more hours and may have more work duties and has less time for other activities. Hence, work hours have been consistently, linked to difficulties in balancing work and personal lives (Mohen andYu, 2000; Guerts et al., 1999; Batt and Valcour, 2003; Tausing and Fenwick, 2001). Time pressure can be measured by the number of hours worked. Arora et als,.1990 study (cited by Kim Ling, 2001) examined the effect of the time pressure on WFC of women entrepreneur and the majority of the women entrepreneurs agreed that their long hours deprived them of the time they would have liked t spend with their families. Long hours of work may also relate to parents feelings of time inadequacy with children. However, regardless of hours spent or the kinds of activities engaged in with children, because of the intense conflict or spillover between worker and parent roles. Employment makes parent less able to be spontaneously available and make them miss certain events that are scheduled during work times (Milkie Peltola, 1999). Moreover, children may also notice when parents bring conflict work conflicts home, and may feel that parents pre-occupation ith work makes them less psychologically accessible (Galinsky, 1999). Reynolds and Aletraris (2005) conducted a research on work hours and work-family issues by examining whether WFC is associated with a desire for more or fewer hours of work and whether the relationship is moderated by age of children is the home. Their survey revealed that family-to-work conflict doesnot makes people to change their work hours. Work-to-family conflict however, is associated with a desire to fewer hours of work. They also find out that work-to-family conflict is more likely to make women want fewer hours when there is a young child at home. Moreover, Barnett (2004) in a study of work hours as predictor of stress outcomes, it was mentioned that long hours of work is associated with: High experienced job demand, High emotional exhaustion, High marital tension and High work-family conflict In a research published in the Journal of Occupational Health Psychology (vol.5,No,1,2002), Gerzywacz and Nadine Marks found that employees who work more than 45 hours a week report more work-to-family conflict. However, participants who work less than 20 hours per week were less likely to report that their work benefited their family life. On the contrary Ganster and Bates (2003) conducted a study on the effect of the number of hours worked on WFC and general well-being. They found that work hours had no significant associations with job stress and WFC. Similarly the findings of Haar (2001) indicate that the number of hours worked, as a conflict source, may not be the current work demands of organizations, families are now more forgiving of the time burden associated with working long hours. 2.4.2 Dual-earner family The dual-career phenomenon has become increasingly prevalent worldwide. For couples juggling multiple demands, this lifestyle often generates stressors and strains at home and at work, which can have negative consequences for organizations (Elloy Smith, 2004). On one hand, in dual-earner families husband are more likely to care for children when their wives are at work during non regular shifts (Presser, 1988). On the other hand women who earn more are likely to hire domestic help, since their time is more valuable (Goldscheider and waite, 1991). (Elloy and smith 2004) study, based on data from an Australian sample of 62 Lawyers and accountants, analyzed the antecedents of WFC among dual-earner couples. The results confirm that overload, role conflict significantly effect WFC. Similarly Flosehan and Gillbert, 1979 study (cited in Kim Ling, 2001) on dual career couples found a positive relationship between the number of hours worked and job spouse conflict as well as job-parent conflict. Moreover, Voydanoff (1994) interviewed married dual-earner parents of children age 10-17 from the 1992-1997 National Survey Children of Families and Households to examine relationships between work and community resources and family demands. In this study, marital quality was conceptualized in three dimensions: activities with spouse, marital disagreements and marital happiness. The problem is therefore, one of overworked couples rather than overworked individuals. 2.4.3 Work overload Major et al., (2002) suggest that overload occurs when the perceived magnitude of work overwhelms an individuals perceived ability to cope. An empirical evidence suggests that the growing sense of overwork in the United States is relates to the increases in the working hours of couples (Clarkberg and Mohen, 2001; Jacobs and Gerson, 2000). Since, women perform a larger share of household labour than men (Coltrane, 2000), family responsibilities should be more likely to create a desire for fewer hours among women than men. On one hand, Godbey (1977) argued that Americans had not increased the amount of time devoted to work, but that the pace of their lives had quickened, with the results that many felt overworked. On the other hand, Hochschild (1977) argued that for many workers, work had become home and home had become work with the result that worker were putting in increasingly long hours in the workplace as a way to avoid family time. Lu, Gilmour Kao and Huang (2006) have conducted a cross-cultural study of work/family demands, work/family conflict and well-being outcomes and to contrast employees from individualistic (UK) and a collectivist (Taiwan) society. Their findings show that work demands such as hours of work and work load were positively related to WFC, whereas family demands were positively related to family work conflict. Both WFC and FWC were negatively related to well being (job satisfaction and life satisfaction) for employees in the two countries. More important findings was that for British, there was a stronger positive relation between workload and WFC,